The aging process is accompanied by a continuous decline of the cardiac system, disrupting the homeostatic regulation of cells, organs, and systems Aging increases the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, thus heart failure and mortality. In a vicious cycle, decreased cardiac output leads to increased congestion, prompting the heart to work even harder, resulting in further decline in function Understanding these mechanisms provides valuable insights into both heart failure's presentation and its management. The decline in cardiac function in late adulthood is most commonly associated with atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which leads to narrowed and stiffened blood vessels group of answer choices kidney failure
A decline in hrv indicates cardiac autonomic dysregulation, which is commonly found in the elderly Decreased hrv is well documented to associate with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (tsuji et al., 1996).
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